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23
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50.94
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Vanadium metal. Photo by Tomihahndorf.
| Classification: | Vanadium is a transition metal |
| Atomic weight: | 50.9415 g/mol |
| Density @ 20 oC: | 6.1 g/cm3 |
| Atomic volume: | 8.78 cm3/mol |
Discovery of Vanadium
Vanadium was discovered by Andreas.M. del Rio in 1801.
He prepared salts from the mineral vanadinite (then called brown lead) but did not isolate the pure metal.
Metallic vanadium was first isolated by Henry E. Roscoe in 1867, by reducing vanadium chloride (VCl3) with hydrogen.
The element is named after 'Vanadis', the Scandinavian goddess of beauty, because the element forms multicolored compounds.
The first extensive industrial use of vanadium metal was over a century ago in the vanadium-steel alloy chassis of the Ford Model T car.
A 1908 advertisement for the Model T read, "Vanadium steel, the strongest, toughest and most enduring steel ever manufactured, is used throughout the entire car."
States
State (s, l, g): solid
Melting point: 2193 K (1920 oC)
Melting point: 2193 K (1920 oC)
Boiling point: 3673 K (3400 oC)
Energies
Specific heat capacity: 0.49 J g-1 K-1
Heat of fusion: 20.90 kJ mol-1
1st ionization energy: 650.3 kJ mol-1
3rd ionization energy: 2828 kJ mol-1
Heat of fusion: 20.90 kJ mol-1
1st ionization energy: 650.3 kJ mol-1
3rd ionization energy: 2828 kJ mol-1
Heat of atomization: 514 kJ mol-1
Heat of vaporization : 0.452 kJ mol-1
2nd ionization energy: 1413.5 kJ mol-1
Electron affinity: 50.7 kJ mol-1
Heat of vaporization : 0.452 kJ mol-1
2nd ionization energy: 1413.5 kJ mol-1
Electron affinity: 50.7 kJ mol-1
Oxidation & Electrons
Shells: 2,8,11,2
Minimum oxidation number: -1
Min. common oxidation no.: 0
Electronegativity (Pauling Scale): 1.63
Minimum oxidation number: -1
Min. common oxidation no.: 0
Electronegativity (Pauling Scale): 1.63
Electron configuration: [Ar] 3d3 4s2
Maximum oxidation number: 5
Max. common oxidation no.: 5
Polarizability volume: 12.4 Å3
Maximum oxidation number: 5
Max. common oxidation no.: 5
Polarizability volume: 12.4 Å3
Appearance & Characteristics
Structure: bcc: body-centered cubic
Hardness: 7.0 mohs
Hardness: 7.0 mohs
Vanadium is named after the Scandanavian goddess of beauty because of its multiple colors.
Watch it change colors as it changes oxidation state with shaking.
An SR-71B from NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center, capable of flying at more than 2,200 mph and at altitudes of over 85,000 feet.
A titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloy is used for jet engines and for high-speed aircraft. (Photo credit: NASA)
Color: silvery
Harmful effects:
Although vanadium is an essential trace element for some creatures a number of its compounds are toxic.
Generally, the higher the oxidation state of vanadium, the more toxic the compound.
Characteristics:
Vanadium is a bright white, soft, ductile metal with good structural strength.
Vanadium is resistant to attack by alkalis, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and salt water.
The metal oxidizes in air at around 660 oC to the pentoxide (V2O5).
Uses:
The main use of vanadium is in alloys, especially with steel.
A small amount of vanadium adds strength, toughness, and heat resistance.
It is usually added in the form of ferrovanadium, a vanadium-iron alloy.
Vanadium steel alloys are used in gears, axles and crankshafts.
Titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloy is used in jet engines and for high-speed aircraft.
Vanadium foil is used in cladding titanium to steel.
Vanadium-gallium tape is used in superconducting magnets.
Vanadium pentoxide is used in ceramics and as a catalyst for the production of sulfuric acid.
Harmful effects:
Although vanadium is an essential trace element for some creatures a number of its compounds are toxic.
Generally, the higher the oxidation state of vanadium, the more toxic the compound.
Characteristics:
Vanadium is a bright white, soft, ductile metal with good structural strength.
Vanadium is resistant to attack by alkalis, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and salt water.
The metal oxidizes in air at around 660 oC to the pentoxide (V2O5).
Uses:
The main use of vanadium is in alloys, especially with steel.
A small amount of vanadium adds strength, toughness, and heat resistance.
It is usually added in the form of ferrovanadium, a vanadium-iron alloy.
Vanadium steel alloys are used in gears, axles and crankshafts.
Titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloy is used in jet engines and for high-speed aircraft.
Vanadium foil is used in cladding titanium to steel.
Vanadium-gallium tape is used in superconducting magnets.
Vanadium pentoxide is used in ceramics and as a catalyst for the production of sulfuric acid.
Reactions & Compounds
<Reaction with air: mild, w/ht ⇒ V2O5, VN
Reaction with 15 M HNO3: mild
Oxide(s): VO, V2O3, VO2, V2O5 (vanadium pentoxide)
Hydride(s): VH, VH2
Reaction with 15 M HNO3: mild
Oxide(s): VO, V2O3, VO2, V2O5 (vanadium pentoxide)
Hydride(s): VH, VH2
Reaction with 6 M HCl: none
Reaction with 6 M NaOH: none
Chloride(s): VCl2, VCl3, VCl4
Reaction with 6 M NaOH: none
Chloride(s): VCl2, VCl3, VCl4
Radius
Atomic radius: 134 pm
Ionic radius (2+ ion): 93 pm
Ionic radius (2- ion): pm
Ionic radius (2+ ion): 93 pm
Ionic radius (2- ion): pm
Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm
Ionic radius (3+ ion): 78 pm
Ionic radius (1- ion): pm
Ionic radius (3+ ion): 78 pm
Ionic radius (1- ion): pm
Conductivity
Thermal conductivity: 30.7 W m-1 K-1
Electrical conductivity: 4 x 106 S m-1
Abundance & Isotopes
Abundance earth's crust: 120 parts per million by weight, 50 parts per million by moles
Abundance solar system: 400 parts per billion by weight, 9 parts per billion by moles
Cost, pure: $220 per 100g
Cost, bulk: $2.70 per 100g
Source: Vanadium is not found free in nature but is found combined in about 65 different minerals. Vanadium is also found in bauxite and in fossil fuel deposits. Comercially, production of the metal is by calcium reduction of the pentoxide.
Isotopes: Vanadium has 18 isotopes whose half-lives are known, with mass numbers 43 to 60. Of these, one is stable: 51V.
Abundance solar system: 400 parts per billion by weight, 9 parts per billion by moles
Cost, pure: $220 per 100g
Cost, bulk: $2.70 per 100g
Source: Vanadium is not found free in nature but is found combined in about 65 different minerals. Vanadium is also found in bauxite and in fossil fuel deposits. Comercially, production of the metal is by calcium reduction of the pentoxide.
Isotopes: Vanadium has 18 isotopes whose half-lives are known, with mass numbers 43 to 60. Of these, one is stable: 51V.
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