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32
Ge
72.59
Germanium |
Appearance & Characteristics | Reactions |
Other Forms Radius | Conductivity | Abundance
General:
| Name: Germanium | Symbol: Ge |
| Group: Metal, Carbon group | Atomic weight: 72.59 |
| Density @ 293 K: 5.323 g/cm3 | Atomic volume: 13.6 cm3/mol |
| Group: Metal, Carbon group | Discovered: 1886 |
States
| State (s, l, g): solid | |
| Melting point: 1210.6 K | Boiling point: 3123 K |
| Heat of fusion: 36.940 kJ/mol | Heat of vaporization: 330.90 kJ/mol |
Energies
| 1st ionization energy: 762.1 kJ/mole | |
| Electronegativity: 2.01 | 2nd ionization energy: 1537.4 kJ/mole |
| Electron affinity: 120 kJ/mole | 3rd ionization energy: 3301.7 kJ/mole |
| Specific heat: 0.32 J/gK | Heat atomization: 377 kJ/mole atoms |
Oxidation & Electrons
| Shells: 2,8,18,4 | Electron configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 |
| Minimum oxidation number: -4 | Maximum oxidation number: 4 |
| Min. common oxidation no.: -4 | Max. common oxidation no.: 4 |
Appearance & Characteristics
| Structure: diamond | Color: gray-black |
| Uses: transistor, wide-ang lens | Toxicity: |
| Hardness: mohs | Characteristics: metalloid, brittle |
Reactions
| Reaction with air: mild, w/ht => GeO2 | |
| Reaction with 6 M HCl: none | Reaction with 6 M HCl: none |
| Reaction with 15 M HNO3: mild, => GeIV, NOx | Reaction with 6 M NaOH: none |
Other Forms
| Number of isotopes: 5 | Hydride(s): GeH4 Ge2H6 + more |
| Oxide(s): GeO GeO2 | Chloride(s): GeCl2 GeCl4 |
Radius
| Ionic radius (2- ion): pm | Ionic radius (1- ion): pm |
| Atomic radius: 122.3 pm | Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (2+ ion): 87 pm | Ionic radius (3+ ion): pm |
Conductivity
| Thermal conductivity: 60.2 J/m-sec-deg | |
| Electrical conductivity: 0 1/mohm-cm | Polarizability: 6.1 A^3 |
Abundance
| Source: Zn smelting by-product | |
| Rel. abund. solar system: 2.076 log | Abundance earth's crust: 0.7 log |
| cost, pure: 360 $/100g | cost, bulk: $/100g |
