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Oxidation & Electrons | Appearance & Characteristics Reactions | Compounds | Radius | Conductivity Abundance & Isotopes 
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General:
| Name: Bismuth | Symbol: Bi |
| Type: Metal, Nitrogen group | Atomic weight: 208.9804 |
| Density @ 293 K: 9.807 g/cm3 | Atomic volume: 21.3 cm3/mol |
| Discovered: Bismuth has been known since the fifteenth century and Claude Geoffroy the Younger showed it to be distinct from lead in 1753. | |
States
| State (s, l, g): solid | |
| Melting point: 544.5 K (271.4 oC) | Boiling point: 1837 K (1564 oC) |
Energies
| Specific heat capacity: 0.123 J g-1 K-1 | Heat of atomization: 207 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of fusion: 11.3 kJ mol-1 | Heat of vaporization (sublimation): 151 kJ mol-1 |
| 1st ionization energy: 703 kJ mol-1 | 2nd ionization energy: 1610 kJ mol-1 |
| 3rd ionization energy: 2466 kJ mol-1 | Electron affinity: 91 kJ mol-1 |
Oxidation & Electrons
| Shells: 2,8,18,32,18,5 | Electron configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3 |
| Minimum oxidation number: -3 | Maximum oxidation number: 5 |
| Min. common oxidation no.: 0 | Max. common oxidation no.: 3 |
| Electronegativity (Pauling Scale): 2.02 | Polarizability volume: 7.4 Å3 |
Appearance & Characteristics
| Structure: rhombohedral | Color: white with a pinkish tinge |
| Harmful effects: Bismuth is not known to be toxic. | Hardness: 2.25 mohs |
| Characteristics: Bismuth is a crystalline brittle metal. Bismuth is the most naturally diamagnetic metal (it is the most resistant to being magnetized). Also, it has a high electrical resistance. Its thermal conductivity is lower than any metal, except mercury. | |
| Uses: Medicine (bismuth subnitrate and subcarbonate), cosmetics (bismuth oxychloride), low-melting alloys, fire detection/extinguishing systems, replacement for lead in shot and bullets (bismuth-tin alloy). | |
Reactions
| Reaction with air: mild, w/ht ⇒ Bi2O3 | Reaction with 6 M HCl: none |
| Reaction with 15 M HNO3: mild ⇒ Bi(NO3)3, NOx | Reaction with 6 M NaOH: none |
Compounds
| Oxide(s): Bi2O3 | Chloride(s): BiCl3, BiCl4 |
| Hydride(s): BiH3 |
Radius
| Atomic radius: 160 pm | Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (2+ ion): pm | Ionic radius (3+ ion): 117 pm |
| Ionic radius (2- ion): pm | Ionic radius (1- ion): pm |
Conductivity
| Thermal conductivity: 7.92 W m-1 K-1 | Electrical conductivity: 0.00867 x 10-6 S cm-1 |
Abundance & Isotopes
| Abundance earth's crust: 25 parts per billion by weight, 2 parts per billion by moles | |
| Abundance solar system: 10 parts per billion by weight, 0.07 parts per billion by moles | |
| Cost, pure: 11 $/100g | |
| Cost, bulk: $/100g | |
| Source: Most bismuth is obtained as a byproduct in the refining of copper, lead, tin, silver, gold, and zinc ores. | |
| Isotopes: Bismuth has 33 isotopes with mass numbers ranging from 185 to 217. Of these only 209Bi is stable. | |
