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69
Tm
168.9342
Thulium |
Appearance & Characteristics | Reactions |
Other Forms Radius | Conductivity | Abundance
General:
| Name: Thulium | Symbol: Tm |
| Group: Rare Earth, Lanthanides | Atomic weight: 168.9342 |
| Density @ 293 K: 9.33 g/cm3 | Atomic volume: 18.1 cm3/mol |
| Group: Rare Earth, Lanthanides | Discovered: 1879 |
States
| State (s, l, g): solid | |
| Melting point: 1818.2 K | Boiling point: 2000 K |
| Heat of fusion: 16.840 kJ/mol | Heat of vaporization: 191.0 kJ/mol |
Energies
| 1st ionization energy: 596.7 kJ/mole | |
| Electronegativity: 1.25 | 2nd ionization energy: 1163 kJ/mole |
| Electron affinity: 50 kJ/mole | 3rd ionization energy: 2544 kJ/mole |
| Specific heat: 0.16 J/gK | Heat atomization: 232 kJ/mole atoms |
Oxidation & Electrons
| Shells: 2,8,18,31,8,2 | Electron configuration: [Xe] 4f13 6s2 |
| Minimum oxidation number: 0 | Maximum oxidation number: 3 |
| Min. common oxidation no.: 0 | Max. common oxidation no.: 3 |
Appearance & Characteristics
| Structure: hcp: hexagonal close pkd | Color: silvery-white |
| Uses: alloys | Toxicity: |
| Hardness: mohs | Characteristics: soft |
Reactions
| Reaction with air: vigorous, => Tm2O3 | |
| Reaction with 6 M HCl: mild, => H2, TmCl3 | Reaction with 6 M HCl: mild, => H2, TmCl3 |
| Reaction with 15 M HNO3: mild, => Tm(NO3)3 | Reaction with 6 M NaOH: |
Other Forms
| Number of isotopes: 1 | Hydride(s): TmH2 TmH3 |
| Oxide(s): Tm2O3 | Chloride(s): TmCl2 TmCl3 |
Radius
| Ionic radius (2- ion): pm | Ionic radius (1- ion): pm |
| Atomic radius: 176 pm | Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (2+ ion): 117 pm | Ionic radius (3+ ion): 102 pm |
Conductivity
| Thermal conductivity: 16.9 J/m-sec-deg | |
| Electrical conductivity: 13.5 1/mohm-cm | Polarizability: 21.8 A^3 |
Abundance
| Source: Monazite(phosphate),bastnaesite | |
| Rel. abund. solar system: -1.423 log | Abundance earth's crust: -0.3 log |
| cost, pure: 4100 $/100g | cost, bulk: $/100g |
