{"id":799,"date":"2012-06-03T17:51:00","date_gmt":"2012-06-03T17:51:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/?page_id=799"},"modified":"2017-12-07T02:08:08","modified_gmt":"2017-12-07T07:08:08","slug":"lawrencium","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/lawrencium.html","title":{"rendered":"Lawrencium Element Facts"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"insidepagelinks\">\n<a href=\"#data\">Data Zone<\/a> |  <a href=\"#discovery\">Discovery<\/a> |  <a href=\"#facts\">Facts<\/a> | <a href=\"#appear\">Appearance &amp; Characteristics<\/a> | <a href=\"#uses\">Uses<\/a> | <a href=\"#abund\">Abundance &amp; Isotopes<\/a>  | <a href=\"#refer\">References<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"rareT\">\n<div class=\"atnorT\">103<\/div>\n<div class=\"clearT\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"elnamT\">Lr<\/div>\n<div class=\"atweiT\">  (262)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The chemical element lawrencium is classed as an actinide metal. It was discovered in 1961 by Albert Ghiorso, Torbj&#248;rn Sikkeland, Almon Larsh and Robert Latimer.<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"adsense300\">\n<div class=\"adsense300spacer\">\n<div style=\"line-height:10px;\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"\/\/www.chemicool.com\/ad.png\"\/>\n<\/div>\n<p><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:inline-block;width:336px;height:280px\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-9461632227417539\" data-ad-slot=\"3265846807\"><\/ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});<\/script><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"data\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Data Zone<\/h2>\n<table class=\"datatop\">\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Classification:<\/td>\n<td>  Lawrencium is an actinide metal   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Color:<\/td>\n<td>   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Atomic weight:<\/td>\n<td> (262), no stable isotopes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">State:<\/td>\n<td>    solid (presumed)  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Melting point:<\/td>\n<td>   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Boiling point:<\/td>\n<td>     <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Electrons:<\/td>\n<td>103<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Protons:<\/td>\n<td>103<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Neutrons in most abundant isotope:<\/td>\n<td>159<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Electron shells:<\/td>\n<td>  2,8,18,32,32,9,2  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Electron configuration:<\/td>\n<td>  [Rn] 5f<sup>14<\/sup> 6d<sup>1<\/sup> 7s<sup>2<\/sup>    <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Density @ 20<sup>o<\/sup>C:<\/td>\n<td>    <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<span class=\"collapseomatic \" id=\"id6a32947b946a4\"  tabindex=\"0\" title=\"Show more, including: Heats, Energies, Oxidation,&lt;br \/&gt; Reactions, Compounds, Radii, Conductivities\"    >Show more, including: Heats, Energies, Oxidation,<br \/> Reactions, Compounds, Radii, Conductivities<\/span><div id=\"target-id6a32947b946a4\" class=\"collapseomatic_content \">\n<table class=\"datatop\">\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Atomic volume:<\/td>\n<td> &#8211;   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Structure:<\/td>\n<td> &#8211;   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Hardness: <\/td>\n<td>  &#8211;  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Specific heat capacity<\/td>\n<td> &#8211;  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Heat of fusion<\/td>\n<td>  &#8211; <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Heat of atomization<\/td>\n<td>&#8211; <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Heat of vaporization<\/td>\n<td>  &#8211;  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">1<sup>st<\/sup> ionization energy<\/td>\n<td>     470 kJ mol<sup>-1<\/sup>   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">2<sup>nd<\/sup> ionization energy<\/td>\n<td>  &#8211;   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">3<sup>rd<\/sup> ionization energy<\/td>\n<td>   &#8211;   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Electron affinity<\/td>\n<td>  &#8211;  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Minimum oxidation number<\/td>\n<td>  0    <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Min. common oxidation no.<\/td>\n<td>  0   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Maximum oxidation number <\/td>\n<td> 3 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Max. common oxidation no. <\/td>\n<td>  3  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Electronegativity (Pauling Scale) <\/td>\n<td> &#8211;   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Polarizability volume <\/td>\n<td> &#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Reaction with air<\/td>\n<td>  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Reaction with 15 M HNO<sub>3<\/sub> <\/td>\n<td>   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Reaction with 6 M HCl <\/td>\n<td>  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Reaction with 6 M NaOH <\/td>\n<td>   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Oxide(s) <\/td>\n<td>    <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Hydride(s) <\/td>\n<td>   &#8211;  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Chloride(s) <\/td>\n<td>    <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Atomic radius <\/td>\n<td>      &#8211; <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Ionic radius (1+ ion) <\/td>\n<td> &#8211; <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Ionic radius (2+ ion) <\/td>\n<td>   88.6  pm  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Ionic radius (3+ ion) <\/td>\n<td>   &#8211; <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Ionic radius (1- ion) <\/td>\n<td>   &#8211;  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Ionic radius (2- ion) <\/td>\n<td> &#8211; <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Ionic radius (3- ion) <\/td>\n<td>   &#8211;  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Thermal conductivity <\/td>\n<td> &#8211; <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Electrical conductivity <\/td>\n<td>  &#8211; <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Freezing\/Melting point:<\/td>\n<td> &#8211;  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftimagepadding\">\n<div style=\"width: 370px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chemicool.com\/elements\/images\/lawrence.jpg\" width=\"360\" height=\"190\" alt=\"Lawrencium was named after Ernest Lawrence\" class=\"size-full\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lawrencium was named after Ernest Lawrence (right). Lawrence won the Nobel prize for inventing the cyclotron particle accelerator, used to discover a number of synthetic elements. Image Ref.<sup>(3)<\/sup><\/p><\/div>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/LxFXX0-hUYQ?rel=0&#038;start=1124\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"youtubecaption\">Transuranium Elements &#8211; 1963 chemistry educational documentary narrated by Glenn Seaborg, Stanley Thompson and Albert Ghiorso.<\/div>\n<div style=\"width: 370px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/images\/gammasphere.jpg\" width=\"360\" height=\"403\" alt=\"Gammasphere\" class=\"size-full\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Argonne National Lab&#8217;s Gammasphere. Analysis of gamma rays established that very heavy nuclei like lawrencium are not shaped like spheres, but are elongated like footballs. The 10-foot-tall, 14-ton device has 110 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/germanium.html\">germanium<\/a> detectors cooled with liquid <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/nitrogen.html\">nitrogen<\/a>.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t<a id=\"discovery\"><\/a>\t<\/p>\n<h2>Discovery of Lawrencium<\/h2>\n<p>Lawrencium was synthesized in 1961 by Albert Ghiorso, Torbj&#248;rn Sikkeland, Almon Larsh and Robert Latimer at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, California. <\/p>\n<p>It was the last member of the actinide series to be discovered.<\/p>\n<p>A heavy-ion linear accelerator (HILAC) was used to bombard a 3 milligram target of californium (consisting of a mixture of californium isotopes of mass number 249, 250, 251, and 252) with boron-10 and boron-11 ions, producing lawrencium. <sup>(1), (2)<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>The target consisted of a mixture of californium isotopes and therefore an exact mass of the new element could not be assigned. Later research suggested that lawrencium-258 (half-life 4.2 seconds) was produced in the 1961 experiment. <sup>(2)<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>The element was named after Ernest Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron particle accelerator.<\/p>\n<p>The symbol Lw was used originally, but in 1963 this was changed by The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) to Lr.\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>     <a id=\"appear\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Appearance and Characteristics<\/h3>\n<p>\t  <strong>Harmful effects:<\/strong> <\/p>\n<p>\tLawrencium is harmful due to its radioactivity. <\/p>\n<p>\t  <strong>Characteristics:<\/strong><br \/>\nLawrencium is a synthetic, highly radioactive metal that has only been produced in miniscule amounts.<\/p>\n<p>\t\tLawrencium is a trivalent ion in aqueous solution.  <sup>(2)<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\tLawrencium metal has not been prepared. <sup>(2)<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\tAll of its isotopes are short-lived. Its longest lived isotopes is <sup>262<\/sup>Lr with a half-life of 216 minutes.<\/p>\n<p>\t\t<a id=\"uses\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Uses of Lawrencium<\/h2>\n<p>\t\tLawrencium is of scientific research interest only.<\/p>\n<p><a id=\"abund\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Abundance and Isotopes<\/h2>\n<p><span class=\"elemgl\">Abundance earth&#8217;s crust:<\/span>  nil<\/p>\n<p>\t\t<span class=\"elemgl\">Abundance solar system:<\/span> &#8211;<\/p>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elemgl\">Cost, pure:<\/span>  $ per g<\/p>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elemgl\">Cost, bulk:<\/span>   per 100g<\/p>\n<p>\t\t<span class=\"elemgl\">Source:<\/span> Lawrencium is a synthetic element and is not found naturally. Lawrencium is created by nuclear bombardment, and has only been produced in miniscule amounts. <\/p>\n<p>\t\tLawrencium-256 can be produced by the irradiation of a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/californium.html\">californium-249<\/a> target with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/boron.html\">boron-11<\/a> ions. <\/p>\n<p>\t\tLawrencium-260 can be produced by the irradiation of a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/berkelium.html\">berkelium-249<\/a> target with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/oxygen.html\">oxygen-18<\/a> ions. <sup>(2)<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\t\t<span class=\"elemgl\">Isotopes:<\/span> Lawrencium has 10 isotopes whose half-lives are known, with mass numbers 253 to 262. Lawrencium has no naturally occurring isotopes. <\/p>\n<p>\t\tIts longest lived isotopes are lawrencium-262 with a half-life of 216 minutes, lawrencium-261, with a half-life of 39 minutes and lawrencium-260 with a half-life of 180 seconds.<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;line-height:2px;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"max-width:750px;\">\n<div style=\"line-height:10px;\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"\/\/www.chemicool.com\/ad.png\"\/>\n<\/div>\n<p><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-9461632227417539\" data-ad-slot=\"8753977201\" data-ad-format=\"auto\"><\/ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t<a id=\"refer\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h4>References<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>John Emsley, Nature&#8217;s building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements., Oxford University Press, 2003., p460.\t\t<\/li>\n<li>Robert J. Silva, The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements., Springer., Vol 3.13, p1641-p1645.<\/li>\n<li>Image <a href=\"http:\/\/www.lbl.gov\/Publications\/75th\/files\/04-lab-history-pt-1.html\">LBL<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a id=\"Cite\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h4>Cite this Page<\/h4>\n<p>For online linking, please copy and paste one of the following:<\/p>\n<pre class='code'>\r\n&lt;a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/lawrencium.html\"&gt;Lawrenciumm&lt;\/a&gt;\r\n<\/pre>\n<p>or<\/p>\n<pre class='code'>\r\n&lt;a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/lawrencium.html\"&gt;Lawrenciumm Element Facts&lt;\/a&gt;\r\n<\/pre>\n<p>To cite this page in an academic document, please use the following MLA compliant citation:<\/p>\n<pre class='code'>\r\n\"Lawrenciumm.\" Chemicool Periodic Table. Chemicool.com. 07 Oct. 2012. Web. <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\r\n<!--\r\nvar currentTime = new Date()\r\nvar month = currentTime.getMonth() + 1\r\nvar day = currentTime.getDate()\r\nvar year = currentTime.getFullYear()\r\ndocument.write(month + \"\/\" + day + \"\/\" + year)\r\n\/\/-->\r\n<\/script> \r\n&lt;https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/lawrencium.html&gt;.<\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Data Zone | Discovery | Facts | Appearance &amp; Characteristics | Uses | Abundance &amp; Isotopes | References 103 Lr (262) The chemical element lawrencium is classed as an actinide metal. It was discovered in 1961 by Albert Ghiorso, Torbj&#248;rn Sikkeland, Almon Larsh and Robert Latimer. Data Zone Classification: Lawrencium is an actinide metal Color: [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":{"0":"post-799","1":"page","2":"type-page","3":"status-publish","5":"entry"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/799","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=799"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/799\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4256,"href":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/799\/revisions\/4256"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=799"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}