{"id":780,"date":"2012-06-03T10:02:42","date_gmt":"2012-06-03T10:02:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/?page_id=780"},"modified":"2017-12-07T02:07:40","modified_gmt":"2017-12-07T07:07:40","slug":"einsteinium","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/einsteinium.html","title":{"rendered":"Einsteinium Element Facts"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"insidepagelinks\">\n<a href=\"#data\">Data Zone<\/a> |  <a href=\"#discovery\">Discovery<\/a> |  <a href=\"#facts\">Facts<\/a> | <a href=\"#appear\">Appearance &amp; Characteristics<\/a> | <a href=\"#uses\">Uses<\/a> | <a href=\"#abund\">Abundance &amp; Isotopes<\/a>  | <a href=\"#refer\">References<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"rareT\">\n<div class=\"atnorT\">99<\/div>\n<div class=\"clearT\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"elnamT\">Es<\/div>\n<div class=\"atweiT\">(252)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The chemical element einsteinium is classed as an actinide metal. It was discovered in 1952 by a project led by Albert Ghiorso.<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"adsense300\">\n<div class=\"adsense300spacer\">\n<div style=\"line-height:10px;\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"\/\/www.chemicool.com\/ad.png\"\/>\n<\/div>\n<p><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:inline-block;width:336px;height:280px\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-9461632227417539\" data-ad-slot=\"3265846807\"><\/ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});<\/script><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"data\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Data Zone<\/h2>\n<table class=\"datatop\">\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Classification:<\/td>\n<td>  Einsteinium is an actinide metal   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Color:<\/td>\n<td>   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Atomic weight:<\/td>\n<td> (252), no stable isotopes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">State:<\/td>\n<td>   solid <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Melting point:<\/td>\n<td> 860 <sup>o<\/sup>C, 1133 K    <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Boiling point:<\/td>\n<td>   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Electrons:<\/td>\n<td>99<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Protons:<\/td>\n<td>99<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Neutrons in most abundant isotope:<\/td>\n<td>153<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Electron shells:<\/td>\n<td>   2,8,18,32,29,8,2   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Electron configuration:<\/td>\n<td>    [Rn] 5f<sup>11<\/sup> 7s<sup>2<\/sup>    <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Density @ 20<sup>o<\/sup>C:<\/td>\n<td>  8.84 g\/cm<sup>3<\/sup>   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<span class=\"collapseomatic \" id=\"id6a64253ad9595\"  tabindex=\"0\" title=\"Show more, including: Heats, Energies, Oxidation,&lt;br \/&gt; Reactions, Compounds, Radii, Conductivities\"    >Show more, including: Heats, Energies, Oxidation,<br \/> Reactions, Compounds, Radii, Conductivities<\/span><div id=\"target-id6a64253ad9595\" class=\"collapseomatic_content \">\n<table class=\"datatop\">\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Atomic volume:<\/td>\n<td>   28.5 cm<sup>3<\/sup>\/mol   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Structure:<\/td>\n<td>   close packed cubic  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Hardness: <\/td>\n<td>     <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Specific heat capacity<\/td>\n<td> &#8211;  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Heat of fusion<\/td>\n<td>  &#8211; <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Heat of atomization<\/td>\n<td>&#8211; <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Heat of vaporization<\/td>\n<td>  &#8211;  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">1<sup>st<\/sup> ionization energy<\/td>\n<td>  619 kJ mol<sup>-1<\/sup>   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">2<sup>nd<\/sup> ionization energy<\/td>\n<td>  &#8211;   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">3<sup>rd<\/sup> ionization energy<\/td>\n<td>   &#8211;   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Electron affinity<\/td>\n<td>  &#8211;  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Minimum oxidation number<\/td>\n<td>  0    <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Min. common oxidation no.<\/td>\n<td>  0   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Maximum oxidation number <\/td>\n<td> 3 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Max. common oxidation no. <\/td>\n<td>  3  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Electronegativity (Pauling Scale) <\/td>\n<td> 1.3   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Polarizability volume <\/td>\n<td>   19.7 &Aring;<sup>3<\/sup> <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Reaction with air<\/td>\n<td>  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Reaction with 15 M HNO<sub>3<\/sub> <\/td>\n<td>   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Reaction with 6 M HCl <\/td>\n<td>  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Reaction with 6 M NaOH <\/td>\n<td>   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Oxide(s) <\/td>\n<td>   Es<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub> <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Hydride(s) <\/td>\n<td>   &#8211;  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Chloride(s) <\/td>\n<td>  EsCl<sub>3<\/sub>   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Atomic radius <\/td>\n<td>      186 pm <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Ionic radius (1+ ion) <\/td>\n<td> &#8211; <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Ionic radius (2+ ion) <\/td>\n<td>   &#8211;  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Ionic radius (3+ ion) <\/td>\n<td>   &#8211; <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Ionic radius (1- ion) <\/td>\n<td>   &#8211;  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Ionic radius (2- ion) <\/td>\n<td> &#8211; <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Ionic radius (3- ion) <\/td>\n<td>   &#8211;  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Thermal conductivity <\/td>\n<td> &#8211; <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Electrical conductivity <\/td>\n<td>  &#8211; <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Freezing\/Melting point:<\/td>\n<td> 860 <sup>o<\/sup>C, 1133 K    <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftimagepadding\">\n<div style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chemicool.com\/elements\/images\/300-einsteinium-glow.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"158\" alt=\"Einsteinium\" class=\"size-full\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Quartz vial glowing from the intense alpha radiation emitted by 300 micrograms of einsteinium-253. Photo by R. G Haire.<\/p><\/div>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/LxFXX0-hUYQ?rel=0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"youtubecaption\">Transuranium elements discovery and experiments. 1963 chemistry educational documentary narrated by Glenn Seaborg, Stanley Thompson and Albert Ghiorso.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t<a id=\"discovery\"><\/a>\t<\/p>\n<h2>Discovery of Einsteinium<\/h2>\n<div class=\"author\">Dr. Doug Stewart<\/div>\n<p>  Einsteinium was the seventh synthetic transuranium element of the actinide series to be discovered.<\/p>\n<p> Einsteinium-253 (half-life 20.47 days) was identified in 1952 by teams of scientists from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the Argonne National Laboratory and the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. The project was led by Albert Ghiorso.<\/p>\n<p>Einsteinium was discovered unexpectedly along with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/fermium.html\">fermium<\/a> in debris from the first large <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/hydrogen.html\">hydrogen<\/a> bomb test, which took place in the Pacific on October 31 1952. The debris was collected on filter papers attached to drone airplanes that flew through the explosion area. Later, to obtain more material, many hundreds of pounds of coral from the blast area were examined. Einsteinium was identified by chemical analysis. <sup>(1)<\/sup><\/p>\n<p> The new element was produced by the nuclear explosion in miniscule amounts by the addition of 15 neutrons to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/uranium.html\">uranium-238<\/a> (which then underwent seven beta decays). <sup>(2)<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>In 1961 einsteinium was produced in a weighable quantity (0.01 micrograms) for the first time. <sup>(3)<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>The pure metal was isolated for the first time in the 1970s. <sup>(3a)<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>The element is named after Albert Einstein.<\/p>\n<p>     <a id=\"appear\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Appearance and Characteristics<\/h3>\n<p>\t  <strong>Harmful effects:<\/strong> <\/p>\n<p>\tEinsteinium is harmful due to its radioactivity. <\/p>\n<p>\t  <strong>Characteristics:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\t\t Einsteinium is a synthetic, highly radioactive metal that has only been produced in tiny amounts.<\/p>\n<p>\t\tIt is the first divalent metal in the actinide series (two bonding electrons rather than three). <sup>(3b)<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\t\t<a id=\"uses\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Uses of Einsteinium<\/h2>\n<p>\t\tEinsteinium is of research interest only. <\/p>\n<p>\t\tIn 1955 einsteinium-253 was used to create <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/mendelevium.html\">mendelevium<\/a> for the first time. Less than a picogram of einsteinium-253 was bombarded with alpha particles in Berkeley&#8217;s 150-centimeter cyclotron. <sup>(4)<\/sup><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"abund\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Abundance and Isotopes<\/h2>\n<p><span class=\"elemgl\">Abundance earth&#8217;s crust:<\/span>  nil<\/p>\n<p>\t\t<span class=\"elemgl\">Abundance solar system:<\/span> <\/p>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elemgl\">Cost, pure:<\/span>  $ per g<\/p>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elemgl\">Cost, bulk:<\/span>   per 100g<\/p>\n<p>\t\t<span class=\"elemgl\">Source:<\/span> Einsteinium is a synthetic element and is not found naturally. It is produced in nuclear reactors in miniscule amounts from the neutron bombardment of <a href=\"plutonium.html\">plutonium<\/a>. Up to 2 mg can be produced from the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. <sup>(4)<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\t\t<span class=\"elemgl\">Isotopes:<\/span> Einsteinium has 16 isotopes whose half-lives are known, with mass numbers 241 to 256. Einsteinium has no naturally occurring isotopes. Its longest lived isotopes are <sup>252<\/sup>Es, with a half-life of 471.7 days, <sup>254<\/sup>Es with a half-life of 257.7 days and <sup>255<\/sup>Es with a half-life of 39.8 days.<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;line-height:2px;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"max-width:750px;\">\n<div style=\"line-height:10px;\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"\/\/www.chemicool.com\/ad.png\"\/>\n<\/div>\n<p><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-9461632227417539\" data-ad-slot=\"8753977201\" data-ad-format=\"auto\"><\/ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t<a id=\"refer\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h4>References<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>Glenn T. Seaborg, The Transcalifornium Elements., Journal of Chemical Education, Vol 36.1 (1959) p39.  <\/li>\n<li>Robert E. Krebs, The history and use of our earth&#8217;s chemical elements: a reference guide., Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006., p329.<\/li>\n<li>Richard G. Haire, The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements., Springer., Vol 3.12, p1577-1578; 3a. p1584; 3b. p1579.<\/li>\n<li>Jack M. Holl, Richard G. Hewlett, Ruth R. Harris., Argonne National Laboratory, 1946-96., University of Illinois Press, 1997., page 179.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a id=\"Cite\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h4>Cite this Page<\/h4>\n<p>For online linking, please copy and paste one of the following:<\/p>\n<pre class='code'>\r\n&lt;a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/einsteinium.html\"&gt;Einsteinium&lt;\/a&gt;\r\n<\/pre>\n<p>or<\/p>\n<pre class='code'>\r\n&lt;a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/einsteinium.html\"&gt;Einsteinium Element Facts&lt;\/a&gt;\r\n<\/pre>\n<p>To cite this page in an academic document, please use the following MLA compliant citation:<\/p>\n<pre class='code'>\r\n\"Einsteinium.\" Chemicool Periodic Table. Chemicool.com. 05 Oct. 2012. Web. <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\r\n<!--\r\nvar currentTime = new Date()\r\nvar month = currentTime.getMonth() + 1\r\nvar day = currentTime.getDate()\r\nvar year = currentTime.getFullYear()\r\ndocument.write(month + \"\/\" + day + \"\/\" + year)\r\n\/\/-->\r\n<\/script> \r\n&lt;https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/einsteinium.html&gt;.<\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Data Zone | Discovery | Facts | Appearance &amp; Characteristics | Uses | Abundance &amp; Isotopes | References 99 Es (252) The chemical element einsteinium is classed as an actinide metal. It was discovered in 1952 by a project led by Albert Ghiorso. Data Zone Classification: Einsteinium is an actinide metal Color: Atomic weight: (252), [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":{"0":"post-780","1":"page","2":"type-page","3":"status-publish","5":"entry"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/780","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=780"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/780\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4226,"href":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/780\/revisions\/4226"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=780"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}