{"id":652,"date":"2012-06-01T12:43:53","date_gmt":"2012-06-01T12:43:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/?page_id=652"},"modified":"2017-12-07T02:07:39","modified_gmt":"2017-12-07T07:07:39","slug":"cerium","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/cerium.html","title":{"rendered":"Cerium Element Facts \/ Chemistry"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"insidepagelinks\">\n<a href=\"#data\">Data Zone<\/a> |  <a href=\"#discovery\">Discovery<\/a> |  <a href=\"#facts\">Facts<\/a> | <a href=\"#appear\">Appearance &amp; Characteristics<\/a> | <a href=\"#uses\">Uses<\/a> | <a href=\"#abund\">Abundance &amp; Isotopes<\/a>  | <a href=\"#refer\">References<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"rareT\">\n<div class=\"atnorT\">58<\/div>\n<div class=\"clearT\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"elnamT\">Ce<\/div>\n<div class=\"atweiT\"> 140.1<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The chemical element cerium is classed as a lanthanide and rare earth metal. It was discovered in 1803 by Jacob Berzelius and Wilhelm von Hisinger and independently in the same year by Martin Klaproth.<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"adsense300\">\n<div class=\"adsense300spacer\">\n<div style=\"line-height:10px;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/\/www.chemicool.com\/ad.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<p><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display: block;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-9461632227417539\" data-ad-slot=\"8753977201\" data-ad-format=\"auto\"><\/ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});<\/script><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"data\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Data Zone<\/h2>\n<table class=\"datatop\">\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Classification:<\/td>\n<td>  Cerium is a lanthanide and rare earth metal    <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Color:<\/td>\n<td>  gray <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Atomic weight:<\/td>\n<td>   140.12 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">State:<\/td>\n<td>    solid   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Melting point:<\/td>\n<td> 798 <sup>o<\/sup>C, 1071 K    <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Boiling point:<\/td>\n<td>   3443 <sup>o<\/sup>C, 3716  K     <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Electrons:<\/td>\n<td>58<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Protons:<\/td>\n<td>58<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Neutrons in most abundant isotope:<\/td>\n<td>82<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Electron shells:<\/td>\n<td>    2,8,18,20,8,2     <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Electron configuration:<\/td>\n<td>   [Xe] 4f<sup>2<\/sup> 6s<sup>2<\/sup>   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Density @ 20<sup>o<\/sup>C:<\/td>\n<td> 6.78 g\/cm<sup>3<\/sup>   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<span class=\"collapseomatic \" id=\"id6a322cf53811c\"  tabindex=\"0\" title=\"Show more, including: Heats, Energies, Oxidation, Reactions,&lt;br \/&gt; Compounds, Radii, Conductivities\"    >Show more, including: Heats, Energies, Oxidation, Reactions,<br \/> Compounds, Radii, Conductivities<\/span><div id=\"target-id6a322cf53811c\" class=\"collapseomatic_content \">\n<table class=\"datatop\">\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Atomic volume:<\/td>\n<td>  20.67 cm<sup>3<\/sup>\/mol  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Structure:<\/td>\n<td>   fcc: face-centered cubic <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Hardness: <\/td>\n<td>    2.5 mohs  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Specific heat capacity<\/td>\n<td>    0.19 J g<sup>-1<\/sup> K<sup>-1<\/sup>  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Heat of fusion<\/td>\n<td> 5.460  kJ mol<sup>-1<\/sup> <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Heat of atomization<\/td>\n<td>   419 kJ mol<sup>-1<\/sup> <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Heat of vaporization<\/td>\n<td>   313.8   kJ mol<sup>-1<\/sup>   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">1<sup>st<\/sup> ionization energy<\/td>\n<td>  534.4  kJ mol<sup>-1<\/sup>    <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">2<sup>nd<\/sup> ionization energy<\/td>\n<td>   1050    kJ mol<sup>-1<\/sup>    <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">3<sup>rd<\/sup> ionization energy<\/td>\n<td>  1949    kJ mol<sup>-1<\/sup>   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Electron affinity<\/td>\n<td>   50   kJ mol<sup>-1<\/sup>  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Minimum oxidation number<\/td>\n<td>  0    <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Min. common oxidation no.<\/td>\n<td>  0  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Maximum oxidation number <\/td>\n<td> 4 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Max. common oxidation no. <\/td>\n<td>  4  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Electronegativity (Pauling Scale) <\/td>\n<td>  1.12    <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Polarizability volume <\/td>\n<td>  29.6   &Aring;<sup>3<\/sup>  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Reaction with air<\/td>\n<td>  vigorous, w\/ht &#8658;  CeO<sub>2<\/sub>  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Reaction with 15 M HNO<sub>3<\/sub> <\/td>\n<td>  mild, &#8658; Ce(NO<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>3<\/sub> <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Reaction with 6 M HCl <\/td>\n<td>  vigorous, &#8658;  H<sub>2<\/sub>, CeCl<sub>3<\/sub>  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Reaction with 6 M NaOH <\/td>\n<td>   &#8211;  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Oxide(s) <\/td>\n<td>  Ce<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>, CeO<sub>2<\/sub> (ceria) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Hydride(s) <\/td>\n<td>    CeH<sub>2<\/sub>, CeH<sub>3<\/sub>    <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Chloride(s) <\/td>\n<td>   CeCl<sub>3<\/sub> <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Atomic radius <\/td>\n<td> 185 pm  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Ionic radius (1+ ion) <\/td>\n<td> &#8211; <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Ionic radius (2+ ion) <\/td>\n<td>   &#8211;  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Ionic radius (3+ ion) <\/td>\n<td>  115 pm <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Ionic radius (1- ion) <\/td>\n<td>   &#8211;  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Ionic radius (2- ion) <\/td>\n<td> &#8211; <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Ionic radius (3- ion) <\/td>\n<td>   &#8211;  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Thermal conductivity <\/td>\n<td>  11.3  W m<sup>-1<\/sup> K<sup>-1<\/sup> <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Electrical conductivity <\/td>\n<td>   1.4 x 10<sup>6<\/sup> S m<sup>-1<\/sup>  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Freezing\/Melting point:<\/td>\n<td> 798 <sup>o<\/sup>C, 1071 K    <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftimagepadding\">\n<div style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chemicool.com\/elements\/images\/300-cerium-oxide-nanostructure.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"183\" alt=\"cerium oxide nanorod\" class=\"size-full\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">TEM image of a cerium oxide nanorod formed in an ice channel. Image Ref.<sup>(6)<\/sup>.<\/p><\/div>\n<div style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/images\/300-berzelius.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"382\" alt=\"Jacob Berzelius\" class=\"size-full\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jacob Berzelius. Berzelius portrait from Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><a id=\"discovery\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Discovery of Cerium<\/h2>\n<div class=\"author\">Dr. Doug Stewart<\/div>\n<p>    Cerium was discovered in 1803 by Jacob Berzelius and Wilhelm von Hisinger in Sweden, and independently in the same year by Martin Klaproth in Germany.<\/p>\n<p>Berzelius and Hisinger discovered the new element in a rare reddish-brown mineral now known as cerite, a cerium-lanthanide silicate. <sup>(1), (2)<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Berzelius and Hisinger prepared cerium salts from cerite and investigated their chemical reactions. Although they could not isolate the pure metal, they found that cerium had two oxidation states: one yielding colorless salts, the other yellow-red ones. <sup>(1), (3)<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>They named the new element cerium after the asteroid Ceres, which had been discovered just two years earlier by Giuseppe Piazzi. They called cerium oxide &#8216;ceria.&#8217;<\/p>\n<p>Klaproth&#8217;s analysis of the mineral also indicated that it contained the oxide of a new element. He named the oxide ockroite after its yellowish red color. <sup>(1), (3)<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Berzelius and Hisinger published their results before Klaproth and the name cerium was accepted for the new metal.<\/p>\n<p>Berzelius and Klaproth are major figures in the history of chemistry. In addition to their other achievements Berzelius discovered <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/selenium.html\">selenium<\/a> in 1817 and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/thorium.html\">thorium<\/a> in 1828 while in 1789 Klaproth discovered both <a href=\"uranium.html\">uranium<\/a> and <a href=\"zirconium.html\">zirconium<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Carl G. Mosander, who worked closely with Berzelius, prepared metallic cerium in 1825. First he reacted cerium sulfide with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/chlorine.html\">chlorine<\/a>, yielding anhydrous cerium chloride. He reduced the chloride with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/potassium.html\">potassium<\/a>, forming potassium chloride and metallic cerium. He burnished the resulting brown powder to obtain a gray material with a dull metallic luster &#8211; cerium, although rather impure. <sup>(3a), (4)<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Mosander&#8217;s isolation of cerium from its chloride using potassium was similar to the approach used by &#216;rsted to isolate <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/aluminum.html\">aluminum<\/a> in 1825. Subsequently W&#246;hler and Bussy used this method to isolate <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/beryllium.html\">beryllium<\/a> in 1828 and in the same year Berzelius used it to isolate <a href=\"thorium.html\">thorium<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Mosander continued to investigate cerite chemistry and in 1839 he discovered the new element <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/lanthanum.html\">lanthanum<\/a>, which is also present in cerite. <\/p>\n<div style=\"clear: both; line-height: 20px;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"adsense300\">\n<div class=\"adsense300spacer\">\n<div style=\"line-height: 10px;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/\/www.chemicool.com\/ad.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<p><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 336px; height: 280px;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-9461632227417539\" data-ad-slot=\"2986645201\"><\/ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});<\/script><\/p>\n<div class=\"leftimagepadding\">\n<div style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/images\/300-mischmetal.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"211\" alt=\"Mischmetal\" class=\"size-full\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mischmetal is an alloy of cerium and lanthanum, with small amounts of neodymium and praseodymium. photo:<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/User:Spypredator\">Spypredator<\/a>.<\/p><\/div>\n<div style=\"width: 360px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/images\/300-cerium-oxide-catalyst.jpg\" width=\"350\" height=\"232\" alt=\"cerium-oxide-catalyst\" class=\"size-full\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers in Argonne&#8217;s Chemical Engineering Division have developed a catalyst that could help diesel truck manufacturers eliminate harmful nitrogen-oxide (NOx) emissions from diesel exhausts. The  beaker of blue catalyst material is &#8216;Cu-ZSM-5&#8217;,  a zeolite with copper ions attached within its micropore structure and an external coating of cerium oxide. photo: Argonne National Lab.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><a id=\"appear\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Appearance and Characteristics<\/h3>\n<p>\t  <strong>Harmful effects:<\/strong> <\/p>\n<p>\t \t\tCerium is considered to be moderately toxic.<\/p>\n<p>\t  <strong>Characteristics:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\t\tCerium is a reactive, soft, gray, lustrous metal that is malleable and ductile.<\/p>\n<p>\t\t\tWhen present in compounds, cerium exists in both the trivalent state (Ce<sup>3+<\/sup>, cerous, usually orange-red) and the tetravalent state (Ce<sup>4+<\/sup>, ceric , usually colorless).<\/p>\n<p>\t\tThe metal tarnishes in moist air and reacts with water to form cerium hydroxide plus <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/hydrogen.html\">hydrogen gas<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\t\tSmall particles of the metal may ignite if a knife scratches the pure metal surface.<\/p>\n<p>\t\tIt is attacked by alkali solutions and all acids.<\/p>\n<p>\t\tCerium has a variable electronic structure: the energy of the inner 4f level is nearly the same as that of the 6s level, allowing variable occupancy of these two levels.<\/p>\n<p><a id=\"uses\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Uses of Cerium<\/h2>\n<p>\t\tAn alloy of cerium and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/lanthanum.html\">lanthanum<\/a>, with small amounts of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/neodymium.html\">neodymium<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/praseodymium.html\">praseodymium<\/a> (misch metal) combined with iron oxide and magnesium oxide is used as the flint in cigarette and gas lighters.<\/p>\n<p>\t\tCerium is used in carbon-arc lighting, especially in the motion picture industry. It is also used in phosphors for color television screens and fluorescent lighting.<\/p>\n<p>\t\tCerium oxide is used as a catalytic converter to reduce carbon monoxide emissions in the exhaust fumes from automobiles. Cerium oxide, as a nanopowder, is added to diesel fuel to reduce sooty fumes and improve engine performance. It is used in the walls of self-cleaning ovens and is also used to polish glass surfaces.<\/p>\n<p>\t\tFlammacerium (cerium nitrate-silver sulphadiazine) is a cream to treat and prevent infections in extensive burn wounds. The cerium nitrate component reduces the occurrence of immunosuppression. <sup>(5)<\/sup><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"abund\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Abundance and Isotopes<\/h2>\n<p><span class=\"elemgl\">Abundance earth&#8217;s crust:<\/span>  60 parts per million by weight, 8.9 parts per million by moles<\/p>\n<p>\t\t<span class=\"elemgl\">Abundance solar system:<\/span>   4 parts per billion by weight,  30 parts per trillion by moles<\/p>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elemgl\">Cost, pure:<\/span>  $380 per 100g<\/p>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elemgl\">Cost, bulk:<\/span> $1.20  per 100g<\/p>\n<p>\t\t<span class=\"elemgl\">Source:<\/span> Cerium is the most abundant of the lanthanides. It is not found free in nature but is found in a number of minerals, mainly allanite, bastnasite and monazite. Commercially, cerium is prepared by electrolysis of the chloride or by reduction of the fused fluoride with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/calcium.html\">calcium<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\t\t<span class=\"elemgl\">Isotopes:<\/span> Cerium has 30 isotopes whose half-lives are known, with mass numbers 123 to 152. Naturally occurring cerium is a mixture of four isotopes and they are found in the percentages shown: <sup>136<\/sup>Ce (0.2%), <sup>138<\/sup>Ce (0.3%), <sup>140<\/sup>Ce (88%) and <sup>142<\/sup>Ce (11%).<\/p>\n<div style=\"max-width: 750px;\">\n<div style=\"line-height: 10px;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/\/www.chemicool.com\/ad.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<p><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display: block;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-9461632227417539\" data-ad-slot=\"8753977201\" data-ad-format=\"auto\"><\/ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});<\/script><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><a id=\"refer\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h4>References<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>Johan Erik Jorpes, Jac. Berzelius: his life and work., 1970 p26-27, University of California Press. <\/li>\n<li>Paul Caro, Rare earths., Editorial Complutense, 1998 p30-31. <\/li>\n<li>Per Enghag, Encyclopedia of the elements: technical data, history, processing, applications., 2004, p438, John Wiley and Sons. <\/li>\n<li>Per Enghag, Encyclopedia of the elements: technical data, history, processing, applications., 2004, p444, John Wiley and Sons. <\/li>\n<li>Leopold Gmelin, <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=gJEMAQAAIAAJ&#038;pg=PA257\">Hand-book of chemistry<\/a>, Volume 3, Metals, 1849, p257, Harrison and Son.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.info-financiere.fr\/upload\/ECO\/2009\/10\/FCECO013485_20091015.pdf\">Sinclair Pharma plc<\/a> pdf<\/li>\n<li>Image Ref. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.emsl.pnl.gov\/news\/highlights\/karakoti20081111.pdf\">EMSL<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4>Cite this Page<\/h4>\n<p>For online linking, please copy and paste one of the following:<\/p>\n<pre class='code'>\r\n&lt;a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/cerium.html\"&gt;Cerium&lt;\/a&gt;\r\n<\/pre>\n<p>or<\/p>\n<pre class='code'>\r\n&lt;a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/cerium.html\"&gt;Cerium Element Facts&lt;\/a&gt;\r\n<\/pre>\n<p>To cite this page in an academic document, please use the following MLA compliant citation:<\/p>\n<pre class='code'>\r\n\"Cerium.\" Chemicool Periodic Table. Chemicool.com. 04 Oct. 2012. Web. <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\r\n<!--\r\nvar currentTime = new Date()\r\nvar month = currentTime.getMonth() + 1\r\nvar day = currentTime.getDate()\r\nvar year = currentTime.getFullYear()\r\ndocument.write(month + \"\/\" + day + \"\/\" + year)\r\n\/\/-->\r\n<\/script> \r\n&lt;https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/cerium.html&gt;.<\/pre>\n<p><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:inline-block;width:200px;height:90px\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-9461632227417539\" data-ad-slot=\"1328172000\"><\/ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});<\/script><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Data Zone | Discovery | Facts | Appearance &amp; Characteristics | Uses | Abundance &amp; Isotopes | References 58 Ce 140.1 The chemical element cerium is classed as a lanthanide and rare earth metal. It was discovered in 1803 by Jacob Berzelius and Wilhelm von Hisinger and independently in the same year by Martin Klaproth. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":{"0":"post-652","1":"page","2":"type-page","3":"status-publish","5":"entry"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/652","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=652"}],"version-history":[{"count":21,"href":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/652\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4215,"href":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/652\/revisions\/4215"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=652"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}