{"id":331,"date":"2012-05-23T21:31:42","date_gmt":"2012-05-23T21:31:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/?page_id=331"},"modified":"2017-12-07T02:07:55","modified_gmt":"2017-12-07T07:07:55","slug":"germanium","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/germanium.html","title":{"rendered":"Germanium Element Facts"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"insidepagelinks\">\n<a href=\"#data\">Data Zone<\/a> |  <a href=\"#discovery\">Discovery<\/a> |  <a href=\"#facts\">Facts<\/a> | <a href=\"#appear\">Appearance &amp; Characteristics<\/a> | <a href=\"#uses\">Uses<\/a> | <a href=\"#abund\">Abundance &amp; Isotopes<\/a>  | <a href=\"#refer\">References<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"metalloidT\">\n<div class=\"atnorT\">32<\/div>\n<div class=\"clearT\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"elnamT\">Ge<\/div>\n<div class=\"atweiT\"> 72.64<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The chemical element germanium is classed as a metalloid. It was discovered in 1886 by Clemens A. Winkler.<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"adsense300\">\n<div class=\"adsense300spacer\">\n<div style=\"line-height:10px;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/\/www.chemicool.com\/ad.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<p><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display: block;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-9461632227417539\" data-ad-slot=\"8753977201\" data-ad-format=\"auto\"><\/ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});<\/script><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"data\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Data Zone<\/h2>\n<table class=\"datatop\">\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Classification:<\/td>\n<td>  Germanium is a metalloid   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Color:<\/td>\n<td>  gray-white <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Atomic weight:<\/td>\n<td> 72.64  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">State:<\/td>\n<td>   solid   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Melting point:<\/td>\n<td> 938 <sup>o<\/sup>C, 1210.6 K     <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Boiling point:<\/td>\n<td>  2830 <sup>o<\/sup>C, 3103  K      <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Electrons:<\/td>\n<td>32<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Protons:<\/td>\n<td>32<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Neutrons in most abundant isotope:<\/td>\n<td>42<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Electron shells:<\/td>\n<td>   2,8,18,4   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Electron configuration:<\/td>\n<td>   [Ar] 3d<sup>10<\/sup> 4s<sup>2<\/sup> 4p<sup>2<\/sup>   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Density @ 20<sup>o<\/sup>C:<\/td>\n<td>  5.323 g\/cm<sup>3<\/sup>   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<span class=\"collapseomatic \" id=\"id6a63bbe8ec93d\"  tabindex=\"0\" title=\"Show more, including: Heats, Energies, Oxidation,&lt;br \/&gt; Reactions, Compounds, Radii, Conductivities\"    >Show more, including: Heats, Energies, Oxidation,<br \/> Reactions, Compounds, Radii, Conductivities<\/span><div id=\"target-id6a63bbe8ec93d\" class=\"collapseomatic_content \">\n<table class=\"datatop\">\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Atomic volume:<\/td>\n<td>  13.6 cm<sup>3<\/sup>\/mol  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Structure:<\/td>\n<td>   diamond structure   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Hardness: <\/td>\n<td>   6 mohs  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Specific heat capacity<\/td>\n<td>   0.32 J g<sup>-1<\/sup> K<sup>-1<\/sup>  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Heat of fusion<\/td>\n<td> 36.940 kJ mol<sup>-1<\/sup> <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Heat of atomization<\/td>\n<td> 377 kJ mol<sup>-1<\/sup> <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Heat of vaporization<\/td>\n<td>    334.3  kJ mol<sup>-1<\/sup>   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">1<sup>st<\/sup> ionization energy<\/td>\n<td> 762.1 kJ mol<sup>-1<\/sup>    <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">2<sup>nd<\/sup> ionization energy<\/td>\n<td>   1537.4 kJ mol<sup>-1<\/sup>    <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">3<sup>rd<\/sup> ionization energy<\/td>\n<td>  3301.7 kJ mol<sup>-1<\/sup>   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Electron affinity<\/td>\n<td>  120 kJ mol<sup>-1<\/sup> <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Minimum oxidation number<\/td>\n<td>  -4    <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Min. common oxidation no.<\/td>\n<td>  -4   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Maximum oxidation number <\/td>\n<td> 4 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Max. common oxidation no. <\/td>\n<td>  4  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Electronegativity (Pauling Scale) <\/td>\n<td> 2.01   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Polarizability volume <\/td>\n<td>   6.1 &Aring;<sup>3<\/sup>  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Reaction with air<\/td>\n<td>  mild, w\/ht &#8658;  GeO<sub>2<\/sub>    <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Reaction with 15 M HNO<sub>3<\/sub> <\/td>\n<td>  mild, &#8658; Ge<sup>iv<\/sup>, NO<sub>x<\/sub>  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Reaction with 6 M HCl <\/td>\n<td>  none  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Reaction with 6 M NaOH <\/td>\n<td>   none  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Oxide(s) <\/td>\n<td>  GeO, GeO<sub>2<\/sub>  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Hydride(s) <\/td>\n<td>   GeH<sub>4<\/sub>,  Ge<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>6<\/sub> + more   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Chloride(s) <\/td>\n<td>   GeCl<sub>2<\/sub>,  GeCl<sub>4<\/sub> <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Atomic radius <\/td>\n<td>    122.3 pm  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Ionic radius (1+ ion) <\/td>\n<td> &#8211; <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Ionic radius (2+ ion) <\/td>\n<td>    87  pm  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Ionic radius (3+ ion) <\/td>\n<td> &#8211; <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Ionic radius (1- ion) <\/td>\n<td>   &#8211;  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Ionic radius (2- ion) <\/td>\n<td> &#8211; <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Ionic radius (3- ion) <\/td>\n<td>   &#8211;  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Thermal conductivity <\/td>\n<td> 60.2 W m<sup>-1<\/sup> K<sup>-1<\/sup> <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\"> Electrical conductivity <\/td>\n<td> 3 S m<sup>-1<\/sup> <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"elemglb\">Freezing\/Melting point:<\/td>\n<td> 938 <sup>o<\/sup>C, 1210.6 K     <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftimagepadding\">\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><a id=\"discovery\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Discovery of Germanium<\/h2>\n<div class=\"author\">Dr. Doug Stewart<\/div>\n<p>    Germanium was one of the elements whose existence was predicted in 1869 by Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev, after he noticed a gap between <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/silicon.html\">silicon<\/a> and <a href=\"tin.html\">tin<\/a> in his periodic table. Mendeleev provisionally called the predicted element eka-silicon. <\/p>\n<p>\t\tGermanium was discovered by Clemens A. Winkler in 1886, in Germany, in a mineral sample from a silver mine.<\/p>\n<p>\t\tAnalysis indicated the sample &#8211; a rather rare mineral called argyrodite &#8211; contained 73 &#8211; 75% <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/silver.html\">silver<\/a>, 17 &#8211; 18% <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/sulfur.html\">sulfur<\/a>, 0.2% <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/mercury.html\">mercury<\/a>, and 6 &#8211; 7% a new element, which Winkler named germanium.<\/p>\n<p>\t\tMendeleev had predicted the new element&#8217;s density would be 5.5 g\/cm<sup>3<\/sup> and its atomic weight would be 70.<br \/>\n\t\tHis predictions proved to be rather good.<\/p>\n<p>\t\tWinkler&#8217;s name for the element comes from the Latin &#8216;Germania&#8217; meaning Germany.\t<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;line-height:20px;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div class=\"adsense300\">\n<div class=\"adsense300spacer\">\n<div style=\"line-height: 10px;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/\/www.chemicool.com\/ad.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<p><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 336px; height: 280px;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-9461632227417539\" data-ad-slot=\"2986645201\"><\/ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});<\/script><\/p>\n<div class=\"leftimagepadding\">\n<div style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chemicool.com\/elements\/images\/300-germanium.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"160\" alt=\"Germanium\" class=\"size-full\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Germanium. Image Ref. <sup>(1)<\/sup><\/p><\/div>\n<p><strong>Germanium&#8217;s Periodic Table Neighborhood<\/strong><\/p>\n<table class=\"navbar\">\n<tr>\n<td class=\"info\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"info\">Group<br \/>13<\/td>\n<td class=\"info\">Group<br \/> 14<\/td>\n<td class=\"info\">Group<br \/> 15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"info\">3<\/td>\n<td><a class=\"ometals\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/aluminum.html\" title=\"aluminum \"><sup>13<\/sup><br \/>Al<\/a> <\/td>\n<td><a class=\"metalloid\"  href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/silicon.html\" title=\"silicon \"><sup>14<\/sup><br \/>Si<\/a> <\/td>\n<td><a class=\"onm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/phosphorus.html\" title=\"phosphorus \"><sup>15<\/sup><br \/>P<\/a> <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"info\">4<\/td>\n<td><a class=\"ometals-liquid\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/gallium.html\" title=\"gallium \"><sup>31<\/sup><br \/>Ga<\/a> <\/td>\n<td><a class=\"metalloid\"  href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/germanium.html\" title=\"germanium \"><sup>32<\/sup><br \/>Ge<\/a> <\/td>\n<td><a class=\"metalloid\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/arsenic.html\" title=\"arsenic \"><sup>33<\/sup><br \/>As<\/a> <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"info\">5<\/td>\n<td><a class=\"ometals\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/indium.html\" title=\"indium \"><sup>49<\/sup><br \/>In<\/a> <\/td>\n<td><a class=\"ometals\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/tin.html\" title=\"tin \"><sup>50<\/sup><br \/>Sn<\/a> <\/td>\n<td><a class=\"metalloid\"  href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/antimony.html\" title=\"antimony \"><sup>51<\/sup><br \/>Sb<\/a> <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><a id=\"appear\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Appearance and Characteristics<\/h3>\n<p>  <strong>Harmful effects:<\/strong> <\/p>\n<p>\t \tGermanium is not known to be toxic.<\/p>\n<p>\t  <strong>Characteristics:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\t\tGermanium is a lustrous, hard, gray-white semi-metallic element with a crystalline and brittle structure.<\/p>\n<p>\t\tIt is a semiconductor. <\/p>\n<p>\t\tGermanium and the oxide are transparent to infrared radiation.<\/p>\n<p>\t\tGermanium also has the unusual property that (like water) it expands as it freezes. <\/p>\n<p>\t\tFour other elements expand when they freeze; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/silicon.html\">silicon<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/bismuth.html\">bismuth<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/antimony.html\">antimony<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/gallium.html\">gallium<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a id=\"uses\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Uses of Germanium<\/h2>\n<p>\t\tThe most common use of germanium is as a semiconductor.<\/p>\n<p>\t\tGermanium is used in transistors and in integrated circuits.<\/p>\n<p>\t\tIt is used as an alloying agent and as a catalyst.<\/p>\n<p>\t\tIt is also used in infrared spectroscopes and infrared detectors.<\/p>\n<p>\t\tSome germanium compounds are useful because they are toxic to bacteria but are harmless for mammals.<\/p>\n<p><a id=\"abund\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Abundance and Isotopes<\/h2>\n<p><span class=\"elemgl\">Abundance earth&#8217;s crust:<\/span>  1.5 parts per million by weight, 0.42 parts per million by moles<\/p>\n<p>\t\t<span class=\"elemgl\">Abundance solar system:<\/span> 200 parts per billion by weight, 3 parts per billion by moles<\/p>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elemgl\">Cost, pure:<\/span>  $360 per100g<\/p>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elemgl\">Cost, bulk:<\/span>  $120 per 100g<\/p>\n<p>\t\t<span class=\"elemgl\">Source:<\/span> The main ore of germanium is germanite, which is about 7% germanium. Commercially, germanium is obtained as a byproduct of metal refining and from some coal ashes.<\/p>\n<p>\t\t<span class=\"elemgl\">Isotopes:<\/span> Germanium has 24 isotopes whose half-lives are known, with mass numbers 58 to 85. Naturally occurring germanium is a mixture of five isotopes and they are found in the percentages shown: <sup>70<\/sup>Ge (21.2%), <sup>72<\/sup>Ge (27.7%), <sup>73<\/sup>Ge (7.7%), <sup>74<\/sup>Ge (35.9%) and <sup>76<\/sup>Ge (7.4%). The most abundant is <sup>74<\/sup>Ge at 35.9%.<\/p>\n<div style=\"max-width: 750px;\">\n<div style=\"line-height: 10px;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/\/www.chemicool.com\/ad.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<p><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display: block;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-9461632227417539\" data-ad-slot=\"8753977201\" data-ad-format=\"auto\"><\/ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});<\/script><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><a id=\"refer\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h4>References<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>\nPhoto: <a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benutzer:Gibe\">Gibe<\/a>, GNU Free Documentation License.\n <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4>Cite this Page<\/h4>\n<p>For online linking, please copy and paste one of the following:<\/p>\n<pre class='code'>\r\n&lt;a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/germanium.html\"&gt;Germanium&lt;\/a&gt;\r\n<\/pre>\n<p>or<\/p>\n<pre class='code'>\r\n&lt;a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/germanium.html\"&gt;Germanium Element Facts&lt;\/a&gt;\r\n<\/pre>\n<p>To cite this page in an academic document, please use the following MLA compliant citation:<\/p>\n<pre class='code'>\r\n\"Germanium.\" Chemicool Periodic Table. Chemicool.com. 26 Jul. 2014. Web. <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\r\n<!--\r\nvar currentTime = new Date()\r\nvar month = currentTime.getMonth() + 1\r\nvar day = currentTime.getDate()\r\nvar year = currentTime.getFullYear()\r\ndocument.write(month + \"\/\" + day + \"\/\" + year)\r\n\/\/-->\r\n<\/script> \r\n&lt;https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/germanium.html&gt;.<\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Data Zone | Discovery | Facts | Appearance &amp; Characteristics | Uses | Abundance &amp; Isotopes | References 32 Ge 72.64 The chemical element germanium is classed as a metalloid. It was discovered in 1886 by Clemens A. Winkler. Data Zone Classification: Germanium is a metalloid Color: gray-white Atomic weight: 72.64 State: solid Melting point: [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":{"0":"post-331","1":"page","2":"type-page","3":"status-publish","5":"entry"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/331","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=331"}],"version-history":[{"count":23,"href":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/331\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3470,"href":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/331\/revisions\/3470"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.chemicool.com\/elements\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=331"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}