Furnace system chemically:
Combustion: fuel and air input ----> energy and exhaust output
Circulation of hot gases..... air enters at the bottom heats up with the energy present .... reacts with fuel.... creates more energy..... hot exhaust gases rise by convection currents ... leave at top reducing pressure inside the furnace drawing more cool air into the bottom.
Technical aspects
Heat proof cladding, system for fuel entry as required, system for exhaust draw off and air entry .... efficiency improved if the air is pre-heated using the hot exhaust gases
Can't think of anything else!
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