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Old March 5th, 2006, 16:56
arit arit is offline
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It's called Avogadro's number.

This http://gemini.tntech.edu/~tfurtsch/scihist/avogadro.htm seems to answer atleast some of the questions you're asking. Wikipedia also seems to have a page about it: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avogadro%27s_number