In an ionic bond, the outer shell of the cation is emptied, making the cation significantly smaller than the neutral atom. The electrons lost by the cation fill up the outer shell of the anion. When an outer shell is filled to make an anion, it stays the same size as the neutral atom. So, in an ionic bond, the distance between nuclei should be less than between two neutral atoms. A polar bond will be something like an ionic bond in this respect (internuclear distance).
This is only a guess though.
I believe a molecular bond and a covelant bond are the same thing.
I don't know about the rest of your questions offhand. Inorganic and physical chemistry aren't my thing.
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